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Hallan proteínas que causan metástasis

Se identificaron seis proteínas que están involucradas en el crecimiento del tumor de cáncer de mama y en la expansión del mal hacia el pulmón

La inhibición de las proteínas puede usarse cono tratamientos terapeúticos.(Foto: Archivo El Universal )

Domingo 30 de septiembre de 2012Gerardo Del Castillo | El Universal04:05 Un grupo de investigadores españoles hallaron seis proteínas que favorecen la diseminación metastática del cáncer de mama hacia el pulmón. La eliminación de estas soluciones compuestasdisminuye el crecimiento del tumor en la mama, así como su expansión, lo que podría devenir en futuras terapias.
Así mismo lograron identificar una "huella genética" en las células de cáncer de mama que permiten predecir la evolución del tumor, así como recurrencias en la enfermedad y las probabilidades de que se desarrolle la metástasis.
La inactivación de las proteína Vav3 y Vav2, que regularmente se encuentra en altas concentraciones en el cáncer de mama, en modelos animales permitió conocer cuál era el papel que jugaban en un tumor canceroso.
Los resultado mostraron que ambos compuestos, en coordinación, activaban el crecimiento del tumor y posteriormente la metástasis. Los especialistas investigaron si estas proteínas podían ser usadas como indicadores para un diagnostico clínico.
Así se encontraron otras 4 proteínas, Ilk, Inhibina betaA, ciclooxigenasa 2 y Tacstd2, las cuales cuando se inhibían genéticamente disminuía el tumor y se eliminaba el riesgo de metástasis.
La inhibición de estas seis proteínas, de forma conjunta o individual, pueden usarse comoposibles tratamiento terapéuticos.
Con métodos metagenómicos y bioinformáticos, los investigadores confirmaron una "firma genética" en pacientes con cáncer de mama, la cual se limita a 102 genes que podrían predecir los parámetros de evolución del tumor canceroso.
Así se podría conocer el grado de supervivencia de la persona que padece el tumor, su posibilidad de recurrencia de la enfermedad o el posible desarrollo de metástasis, de acuerdo al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, de España.
Tal como declara uno de los investigadores José Bustelo, de la Universidad de Salamanca, "este trabajo ha identificado nuevas posibilidades terapéuticas y demostrado a nivel pre-clínico que potencialmente serían de interés (las proteínas) en este tipo de cáncer."
Y agrega "sin embargo, su implementación práctica vendrá condicionada por la capacidad de desarrollar en un futuro próximo fármacos capaces de inhibirlas de manera efectiva y que funcionen sin efectos colaterales tóxicos en los pacientes con cáncer".
En cuanto a la "huella genética", esta podría implementarse rápidamente si es que una empresa está interesada en su comercialización.
Los resultados del estudio, que aparecerán en la revista Science Signaling, ha proporcionado a los investigadores dos patentes que protegen las posibilidades terapéuticas y la "firma genética" de diagnóstico, ambas registradas por la Universidad de Salamanca.

MARCHA DE LA HUMANIDAD

Polyforum siqueiros tarea cultural apra este find e semana busquen dia y hora del espectaculo de luz y sonido

Less Smoking and Drinking Tied to Oral Cancers

Other Factors at Play

Roxanne Nelson

September 18, 2012 — The prevalence of smoking and alcohol use has declined over the past few decades in patients with oral cavity cancer, according to a new single-institution study. Because these factors are associated with the disease, it is now considered likely that other causes play a role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer.

Researchers from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City found that during the past 25 years, there has been a progressive decline in tobacco use in this cancer population at their institution. From 1985 to 1990, 80% of patients treated there used tobacco; from 2005 to 2008, 55% did.

In addition, there was a decline in the daily amount of tobacco used. In the early cohort, 55% of patients smoked more than 1 pack per day, whereas in the late cohort, 30% did (P < .001).

The researchers found that alcohol consumption also declined over the decades, from 80% in the early cohort to 67% in the late cohort (P < .007). In addition, the percentage of patients who consumed more than 3 drinks per day decreased from 23% in the early cohort to only 9% in late cohort (P < .001).

These findings were published in the September issue of the Archives of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery.

Not Quite That Simple

The worldwide incidence of oral cancer is increasing, explained lead author Ian Ganly, MD, PhD, a surgeon at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. "In the United States, it is actually decreasing, largely due to the reduction in smoking," he said.

But it is not quite that simple, he noted. The number of cases seen at his institution has doubled over what was seen 25 years ago, he reported. "Our numbers are increasing," Dr. Ganly told Medscape Medical News, "but the patient population is quite different. Before it was largely a smoking/alcohol population; now we see more nonsmokers and nondrinkers with oral cancer than smoker and drinkers," he explained.

The researchers do not know why the demographics have changed. He pointed out that the sex and age distribution and disease staging of their patients is the same, and that survival figures are stable.

However, they are seeing more oral tongue cancer in patients younger than 60 years. For patients younger than 60 years, the percentage of oral and nonoral tongue cancer cases is unchanged, Dr. Ganly said. For those younger than 60 years, the percentage of oral tongue cases is increasing and the percentage of nonoral tongue cancer cases is decreasing, he reported.

Other Causes

A recent study showed that the incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma increased 28% from 1975 and 2007 in people 18 to 44 years of age, as previously reported by Medscape Medical News (J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1488-1494). Among white people in this age group, the incidence increased 67%; among white women, the incidence jumped a dramatic 111%.

These data "suggest we are seeing a change in the epidemiology of this disease — mainly in oral tongue cancer," said Dr. Ganly. "There must be another cause for this, but we do not know what it is," he acknowledged.

Studies suggest that human papillomavirus (HPV) might be the driver behind a rising increase of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Dr. Ganly notes that a change in the oral microbiome might be another cause. "Clearly, more research is needed to identify what is causing this change," he said.

Changing Trends

Oral cavity cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer in the world, and the traditional causes are smoking and alcohol consumption. However, major cancer registries, such as the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, do not collect information on tobacco and alcohol use in patients with cancer, and the current literature in head and neck cancer has not reported on trends in tobacco and alcohol use among patients with oral cancer, note Dr. Ganly and colleagues.

The scarcity of these data is important, according to the researchers, because recent studies of oropharynx cancer have shown a causal change.

After a review of the medical records of patients with oral cavity cancer from 1985 to 2009, the researchers included data from 1617 patients in their analysis.

To compare trends in alcohol and tobacco use, the patients were divided into 5 different cohorts, according to the date of initial surgery: 274 patients were treated from 1985 to 1990; 250 were treated from 1990 to 1994; 315 were treated from 1995 to 1999; 356 were treated from 2000 to 2004; and 422 were treated from 2005 to 2009.

The median age of patients was 62.5 years (range, 15.0 to 97.0 years), 86.5% were white, and 56.0% were men. The most common cancer subsite was oral tongue (49.0%), and 72.0% had T1 or T2 tumors. During the study period, there were no changes in sex or age distribution, but there was an increase in the percentage of nonwhite patients (9.1% to 16.6%). This change is primarily related to the increase in the number of patients of Asian origin.

The researchers report that over time, there was a small increase in the number of buccal mucosa cancer cases and a reduction in the number of cases of floor of mouth cancer.

When stratified by sex, the decrease in the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use was larger in women than in men. This decrease was statistically significant for men and women who used tobacco (P < .05) but not for those who used alcohol (P = .06).

The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138:817-822. Abstract

Medscape Medical News © 2012 WebMD, LLC

Send comments and news tips to news@medscape.net.

Articulo del cancer de Sigmund Freud

Lean ela rticulo de la evolucion y tratamiento del cancer de Sigmun Freud, para el lunes de la proxima semana.

INTRODUCTION

In May 1999 members of the West Kent Medico- Chirurgical Society visited the city of Thessaloniki, in Greece. As part of the activities, we organised a scientific meeting about historical medical subjects. It was sug- gested, that I, an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, should speak to our English colleagues about Sigmund Freud’s oral cancer. Many of those who attended the meeting wanted to see the publication of Freud’s illness, which has elements of a great classical epic (comical at times, but always courageous and tragic).

This great man and maxillofacial surgeon did all the necessary operations (33 procedures in all) and made most of the prostheses required for rehabilitation. For 16 subse- quent years, he provided care and support during Freud’s illness. This meant a great commitment as it required nu- merous and frequent appointments. In 1924 alone 74 ap- pointments were needed. A graphic representation of this period was done in German by Pichler himself, but in an obscure form of shorthand invented by his father. The only other person who understood the shorthand writing was Pichler’s secretary, who copied all the notes in clear handwriting in the German language. The translation into English was done by Dr Lagos Levy and the accuracy of the translation was revised by Dr Maxim Shur, Freud’s faithful friend and physician. The Freud museum at 20, Maresfield Gardens, Swiss Cottage, London was Sigmund Freud’s home for the last year of his life from 1938 to 1939.